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MEDIA SAGA

 

30,000 Bc

L'homme de Cro-Magnon- calendrier lunaire - aide à la chasse

20,000 BC

Paintings in the caves in the canyon of the Ardeche River near the town of Vallon Pon-d'Arche, 260 miles south of Paris

12,000 BC

Peintures dans les grottes de Lascaux

3,500 BC

A script developed by the Sumerians

3,200 BC

Les Egyptiens inventent l'encre

3,000 BC

Hyroglyphic script in stone

2000 BC

Greek Alphabet

105 BC

Ts'ai Lun invente le papier

791 AD

Paper comes to Europe

840 AD

Camera Obscura invented in China

1200 AD

Invention du verre grossisseur

1286 AD

Venetian optical seeing glasses

1389 AD

Paper Mill in Nurenberg, Germany

1,440 AD

Johannes Gutenberg invente movable type

1464 AD

Première impression à Bâle en, Suisse

1729

Première impulsion électrique filaire

 

 

MEDIA SAGA 1792-1996

1787 AD

Stone Print, Lithograph invented by

Aloys Senefelder

1792

Optical Telegraph

France's Chappe brothers invent a rudimentary telegraph which sends visual coded signals 12

kilometers.

1838

Telegraphe

Americas Samuel Morse

develops the electric telegraph

and the "Morse" code.

1839

Niepce/Daguerre/Fox-Talbot inventent la photographie

1854

Telegraph

The telegraph network extends

37,000 kilometers.

1876

Telephone

America's Alexander Graham Bell spills sulfuric acid on his telegraph, calls for his assistant's help, and realizes a nearby apparatus is transmitting his voice. He patents the procedure and creates the Bell Telephone Company.

Phonograph

America's Thomas Edison invente

la première machine capable d'enregistrer et de reproduire des sons

1879

Telephone

There are 25,000 connected phones.

1884 AD

Mergenthaler Linotype machine

1895

Cinema

France's Louis Lumiere présente le

premier spectacle de film animé dans la cave du Grand Café à Paris.

1896

 Telégraphe sans fil

Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi

sends the first wireless telegraph transmission a distance of several

hundred meters.

1904 AD

Offset Printing invented in USA

1915

Radio

La voie humaine est transmise par 

radio au dessus de l'Atlantique  entre Arlington, Virginie et la tour Eiffel à Paris.

1920
Films parlants

Movies with soundtracks appear, but the public is indifferent until

the release of "The Jazz Singer" with Al

Jolson in 1927.

1926

Television Scotsman John Baird demonstrates the first televised images to the Royal Institute

of London.

1935

ASSOCIATED PRESS

CHRONOLOGY

Over the years the AP has pioneered

development of news picture transmissions by wlre. Here are some of the

AP firsts.

1935 The first leased line network

established for the full-time

transmission of pictures.

1951 Regular picture transmission to

South America established.

1952 Photofax is introduced, the first

fully automatic method of wire I

picture transmission.

1960 Wirephoto network in Europe

established, linking key European

capitals.

1963 Leased circuit to Europe

16 established, linking the networks of

North America and Europe with an

open, always available network

circuit.

1964 First leased circuit to Japan

established.

1965 Automatic Wirephoto developed,

the first fully automatic delivery of

high quality, glossy prints by wire.

1965 Wirephotointerface installed

making possible the exchange of

pictures between the U.S. and

Europe without the need for

chemical-optical rehandling.

1977 Laserphoto network installed,

bringing laser light beams and dr�

silver paper to newspapers.

1978 The electronic darkroom is put on

line. facilitating the handling of

pictures by digitizing picture

signals and utilizing computers to

do darkroom chores.

1935

Magnétophone

German company A.E.G. develops the principle of permanent magnetism to record sound on a plastic tape.

1943

Machine à additionner! à calculer

American physics professor Howard Aiken builds the MARK I - a gigantic electromagnetic cal-culator linking 800 km of cables, able to manipulate 23 digits in 3/10 of a second.

1945

"Bug"

American mathematician Grace Murray Hopper discovers an insect blocking the circuits of the MARK I. She coins the term "bug" to describe anything causing a computer breakdown.

1946

ENIAC

Americans John W. Mauchly and Prosper

Eckert invent a rudimentary computer for the

American army, called Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer. ENIAC weighs 30

tons and is 24 meters long.

1947

Transistor

At America's Bell

Laboratories, John

Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley invent an electronic semi-conductor, the transistor.

1949

Television

Un million d'Americains

possèdent une TV.

1953

IBM 650 America's IBM puts its mid-sized,

reasonably priced 650 series computer on

the market. IBM was created in 1924, when

the Tabulating Machine Company, formed

in 1890, changed its name to International

Business Machine.

1954

Uniprinter America's Earl Masterson perfects a

revolutionary printer which prints at the rate

of 600 lines per minute.

Silicon Transistor

Gordon Teal of America's Texas Instruments

invents the silicon transistor, a key component

in future generations of computers. Silicon,

abundant in nature, replaces germanium, whichis rare and expensive.

1955

SABRE IBM presents the first computer data

bank, Semi Automatic Busines Related Environment. SABRE

connects 1,200 teleprinters for American Airlines.

1956

Fax Machine The Japanese newspaper Asahi

Shimbun uses long distance fax transmission for the first time.

The VCR

The American company Ampex invents the videocassette recorder,

which magnetically records a television signal on a videotape.

1957

FORTRAN

America's John Backus of IBM perfects the computer language, FORTRAN (Formula TRANSlating System).

FORTRAN is much simpler than the previous tedious system of machine codes.

1958

Laser Americans Charles Townes of Columbia University and Arthur

Schawllow of Bell Laboratories obtain a light beam able to transmit large quantities of information. They call it laser, for Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation.

Modem

America's Bell Company produces the Dataphone which enables two

computers to communicate using traditional telephone lines.

"Electronic Chip"

Jack St. Clair Kilby, an engineer at America's

Texas Instruments, solders a collection of

circuit transistors on a single semi-conductor.

1960

"Mini" ordinateur

American Ken Olsen builds his first PDP 1 (Programmed Data

Processor) computer,

revolutionary for its low cost, light weight and compact

dimensions. He founds Digital Computer.

Jeux sur ordinateur

American Marvin Minsky of MIT programs the first simulated outerspace war game, operated by a handle called a joystick.

1962

Telstar An American satellite, Telstar, relays telecommunications signals between the USA and Europe.

1963

Video Disc American D. Paul Gregg perfects a disc capable of storing several minutes of images.

1965

Early Bird

Constat of the USA places the first international geostationary satellite in orbit for commercial use.

1969

Ordinateurs en réseau

America's Department of Defense puts into service the precursor of Internet, a military communications network called ARPAnet (Advanced Research Project Agency).

1970

Microchip America's INTEL creates the microchip. Only .5mm wide, this chip can store a quantity of information that previously required a surface of at least two square meters.

Radio -  The world is listening to 771 million radios.

1972 AD

ARPANET précurseur d' Internet

1973

Floppy Disk

Originally conceived for mid-size computers, the floppy disk is reliable, cheap, portable and user-friendly.

1975

Crayon électroniquel

America's Michael Shrayer writes the first

word processing software for microcomputers, called Electric Pencil.

Basic Americans Paul Allen and Bill Gates write a program called Basic for the original microcomputer. Basic plays a key role in the

development of microcomputing, as well as in the birth that year of the company Microsoft.

1977

Apple II After founding Apple Computer Company on April Fool's Day, 1976, Americans

Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak unveil the user-friendly Apple II, the first microcomputer to enjoy great commercial success.

1978

Information Superhighway Future American Vice President Al Gore coins the phrase "information superhighway".

1979

COMPUSERVE  The first online information service starts with 1,200

subscribers and offers only electronic mail and a few databases.

WALKMANN

Akio Morita et Sony inventent le walkman.

1980

Fax Standard Though facsimile transmission has existed in some form since early this century, it isonly standardized in 1980.

CNN

In 1980, America's Ted Turner launches Cable News Network, which offers live, worldwide, 24-hour news coverage.

Radio

1.3 billion radios used worldwide.

1981

MS-DOS America's IBM orders an operating system from Microsoft. First called PC-DOS

then MS-DOS (Micro Soft Disc Operating System), the system

soon becomes the world

standard for the PC.

PC

America's IBM responds to the microcomputer challenge with the Personal Computer.

SINCLAIR ZX 81

Britain's Clive Sinclair begins producing a microcomputer which

uses a television screen as a monitor.

Minitel

The French Telecommunications Ministry conducts its first trials of Minitel, an electronic directory and interactive service accessible from the home or office.

Portable Microcomputer

Britain's Adam Osborne presents a portable computer weighing 11 kilograms. Osborne goes bankrupt but his idea becomes a great success.

1982

Compact Disc Holland's Philips and Japan's Sony sign an agreement defining a standard for the laser-read musical compact disc. The CD soon replaces the record album.

Camcorder

Sony invents the first camcorder, Betamovie. The prototype of this

camera with incorporated cassettes for mass production is presented in 8mm format by Sanyo and Philips.

1983

Cellular Telephone America's AT&T introduces the world's first commercial

cellular telephone service. 100,000 cellular phone subscribers.

Phone card

France Telecom introduces the first public phones that use special

phone cards. By 1994, 530 million cards have been sold in France.

Expanding network

The US National Science Foundation finances a network

connection between 60 American and three European universities.

The following year the Internet connects more than 1,000

computers.

1984

CD-R Philips and Sony launch the

Compact Disc Read Only

Memory.  CD-ROM has a

capacity of 540 million

characters, the equivalent of

250,000 pages of text.

Video Games

The Japanese firm Nintendo

launches its first computer

game and soon becomes the

world's number one producer.

Macintosh Small, powerful, and extremely easy to operate, Apple's Macintosh incorporates several innovations: the mouse, windows and a high-resolution

graphic screen.

1985 

Bill Gates

Microsoft founder Bill Gates becomes the

youngest self-made billionaire ever when his company's stock hits $90.75 a share. Microsoft begins to develop a new operating system dubbed "Windows".

Tactile Screen

The American company Zenith introduces a screen that can activate computer functions

with a simple human touch. It is used in public locations such as train stations and banks.

Telephone

407 million wire telephone subscribers worldwide.

Digital video recorder

Sony introduces the first digital video recorder, providing several features such as a second reduced image in a corner of the screen and variable speeds.

NSFnet

The network of the National Science Foundation is integrated into the Internet. The speed of transmission rises from 9.6 kilobits per second in 1972 to 2 megabits per second. The second version of NSFnet, created in 1987, connects 100,000 computers, 3,400 research centers, andtransmits at 45 megabits per second.

1987

Hypercard

Apple releases Hypercard, the first mass-produced software for genera computer users to write programs in hypertext language.

1988

The Virus

A computer programmer creates a computer

virus strong enough to block 6,200 Internet terminals.

IRC

The Internet Relay Chat program is created

by Finland's Jarkko Oikarinen enabling

thousands of people to communicate simultaneously in real timethrough various channels via the Internet.

TAT-8

The first transatlantic fibre-optic cable, TAT-8, the result of a collaboration between American

Telegraph and Telephone (AT&T Corp.), British Telecom

International and DGT (France), provides simultaneous transmission of 37,500 telephone communications.

1989

Time Warner America's Time Inc. and Warner Bros. announce they will merge.

WWW

Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer expert at the European Laboratory forParticle Physics, develops the World Wide Web, facilitating access to the Internet.

EUnet and Aussienet

EUnet (Europe) and Aussienet (Australia) join NFSnet. Companies start logging on to the Internet, but are forbidden access to NSFnet.

1990

HDTV

The Japanese put the first high -definition television (HDTV) on the market. It has 1125 lines and a 16:9 ratio screen.

Cellular phone 11.1 million mobile cellular  phone subscribers.

1991

Photo CD

Philips and the American company Kodak launch the photo compact disc Photographs taken with normal film are digitalized and stored on a compact disc in the same fashion as a music CD.

PowerBook

Apple's PowerBook hits the market.Following in the footsteps of the

portable PC, it makes the computer a more personal, flexible tool.

CD-I

Philips and Sony launch the CD-I, an interactive Compact Disc targeted

primarily at the general public, offering games as well as educational and cultural programs.

Power PC

Apple, IBM and Motorola announce that they will work together to create a standardized

microprocessor which operates both Macintosh and IBMsoftware.

Television

The world tunes in to 810 million TVs

1992

GSM

Europe sets the world's first digital radio telephone standard called GSM, Global System for Mobile communication.

VideoPhone 2000

AT&T Corp. introduces a picturephone called VideoPhone 2000, capable of transmitting 1 fixed image every 15

seconds. A button gives the user a choice of activating the image or not.

Internet expansion

More than one million computers are connected via Internet.

Fax

25 million fax machines in use.

1993

Macintosh TV

Apple releases a combination personal computer, television and CD audio player in a single compact unit. It is designed for users at home and in institutions of higher education.

Pentium

Intel launches its fastest processor yet, the Pentium, which is fast enough to provide a quality video image on a PC.

Over one million computers are connected to the Internet.

1993

Computers

There are 175 million computers in the world.

Optical computer

Harry Jordan and Vincent Heuring from the University of Colorado

create the first optical computer, using the photon to replace the electron, previously the only vector in computer information transmission.

Light-weight portable  phone

France Telecom launches a portable, ultra-light telephone first tested in

1991.

1994

Personal Dictation

Systems IBM, Dragon Systems and Philips are

each working to develop a continuous speech processor which translates voice dictation into written text.

The Full Service  Network

Time Warner launches the first fully-switched digital interactive

network in Orlando, Florida, allowing users to choose from a variety of entertainment and services.

WWW

Traffic on the World Wide Web grows by 342,000 percent.

1994

Digital TV

Direct-TV, created by Hughe Electronics and based on technology developed by Thomson

Consumer Electronics, is the first digital television system transmitted

by satellite. Within a few months it boasts 600,000 subscribers,

offering a choice of 175 channels, one third functioning as "pay per view."

SEA-ME-WE-2

With the SEA-ME-WE-2 the system of cable telecommunications spans the globe offering the possibility of 60,000 simultaneous telephone

communications transmitted by 300,000 km of underwater cables.

Internet video images

First video images are transmitted on the Internet. There are over 26 million Internet users worldwide.

Netscape Web browser

Netscape Communications Corp., created by Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark, former founder of Silicon Graphics, releases its first Web browser for free on the Internet in Macintosh, Windows and other

1995

Supercomputer CRAY T90

America's Cray Research commercializes a wireless supercomputer called Cray T90, available in three models with different capabilities, the most powerful being the T932 with 64 gigaflops,worth $35 million.

Windows 95

On August 24, Microsoft releases an updated version of Windows software, designed to be

simpler, faster and more powerful than its predecessors. Internet An estimated 30 million users on the Internet.

1996

DVD

Multinational corporate giants Time Warner, Toshiba, Philips and Sony will release a digital video disk offering images far superior to laser discs, and stereo sound of movie theater

quality. No bigger than an audio CD, the DVD can hold 10 times as much information.

Java

A system of three dimensional moving images on the two dimensional Netscape

Sun creates Java for the Netscape and all systems